The criteria required to screen hepatocellular carcinoma patients eligible for liver transplants were first laid by Italian physicians in 1996, and these have been dubbed the Milan criteria. This selection protocol requires the tumor diameter for single lesions to be less than or equal to 5 cm, and less than or equal to 3 cm for multiple but within three lesions. In addition, the cancer must have no vascular invasion or metastasis. According to the authors, liver transplants on these patients boost the five-year survival rate to 80%-85%. However, over the years, the Milan criteria have been expanded to include bigger liver cancers and other unresectable liver malignancies resulting from bile duct and metastatic cancers. In some cases, patients may receive bridge treatments, including chemo and immunotherapy, to downsize liver cancer to meet the Milan criteria for transplantation. As proof of concept for neoadjuvant bridging therapy, a collaborative effort between the Houston Methodist’s J.C. Walter Jr. Liver Transplant Center and the Dr. Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center were the first to report a prospective case series of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy followed by liver transplantation. These patients had a five-year survival rate comparable to those with hepatocellular carcinoma who received liver transplants. The authors also discussed the feasibility of minimally invasive postoperative disease surveillance methods, particularly liquid biopsies to monitor the circulating tumor DNA in the bloodstream. This technique, they noted, could facilitate detecting small traces of residual disease after transplantation and propensity of disease recurrence.